Somalia’s federal system was conceived as a solution to the decades of conflict and fragmentation that had ravaged the country. By decentralizing power and giving regional states a voice in national governance, federalism was seen as the key to fostering unity, stability, and progress. However, recent developments, including the collapse of the National Consultative Council meeting in Mogadishu, reveal that federalism in Somalia is not just faltering—it has failed. The reasons are rooted in political manipulation, corruption, and a central government more focused on consolidating power than building a functional, equitable system.
Prime Minister Hamse Abdi Barre’s candid acknowledgment of the Council’s failure points to a deeper crisis. The repeated breakdown of federal meetings, coupled with the absence of key regional leaders like Jubbaland’s Ahmed Madobe and Puntland’s Saeed Deni, underscores the growing divisions between Mogadishu and Somalia’s federal states. Barre’s admission that the Council’s meetings have done little but expose the federal government’s weaknesses is a damning indictment of the current leadership, especially under President Hassan Sheikh Mohamoud.
The Corruption at the Heart of the Crisis
At the center of Somalia’s federalism crisis is President Mohamoud’s autocratic approach to governance. Reports have repeatedly surfaced about how he uses international development aid as a tool for political manipulation. As highlighted in various analyses, including those found in sources like Warya TV, Mohamoud has weaponized aid to pressure regional leaders into supporting his political agenda—particularly his efforts to secure reelection. Regional states that refuse to fall in line are cut off from crucial funding, leaving their populations without access to essential services like healthcare, education, and infrastructure.
In an article titled “Hassan Sheikh Mohamud: Somalia’s Ultimate Betrayer,” Mohamoud is accused of betraying the very principles of federalism that he is supposed to uphold. Instead of promoting cooperation and unity, he has deepened divisions by using development funds as leverage to silence dissent. This is not merely a power struggle between politicians; it is a betrayal of the Somali people, who depend on international aid for their survival. The article further highlights how the president’s tactics have alienated regional leaders and reduced the federal system to a high-stakes political game, rather than a functional framework for governance.
A System That Stifles Regional Autonomy
One of the fundamental promises of federalism is that it allows regional states to govern themselves, addressing local needs while maintaining a unified national identity. Yet, under Mohamoud’s leadership, federalism has become a hollow shell. The president’s strategy, as detailed in “How President Hassan’s Corruption and Power Games are Crushing Somalia’s Federal States,” is to stifle regional autonomy and centralize power in Mogadishu. Leaders like Madobe and Deni have been systematically excluded from national decision-making processes, with Madobe even walking out of the latest Consultative Council meeting.
By sidelining these key regional figures, Mohamoud has effectively abandoned the principles of federalism. Rather than engaging with regional leaders to build consensus, his administration has resorted to coercion and blackmail. The result is a federal system in name only—one that does not respect the autonomy of the states or the voices of their people.
The absence of these regional leaders from critical talks illustrates how disconnected the federal government has become from the regions it is supposed to represent. In Puntland, Jubbaland, and beyond, leaders are increasingly disillusioned with Mogadishu’s refusal to engage in meaningful dialogue. This growing estrangement raises the prospect of regional fragmentation, further weakening Somalia’s already fragile state.
The Weaponization of Aid
International development assistance, which is intended to support Somalia’s recovery and development, has instead become a weapon wielded by Mogadishu against dissenting regions. The accusations against Mohamoud—that he has used aid to blackmail regional states into supporting his reelection—are not just troubling; they are dangerous. This kind of manipulation undermines trust between the federal government and its regional counterparts and risks turning aid distribution into a political tool rather than a humanitarian lifeline.
This approach is particularly egregious given Somalia’s history. After decades of civil war, international donors have poured billions of dollars into the country, hoping to stabilize it and rebuild its infrastructure. That this aid is being used as a bargaining chip in political battles is an insult to the international community and, more importantly, to the Somali people, who suffer the consequences.
International donors are already becoming increasingly wary of how their funds are being used. If this misuse continues, it could lead to a decrease in aid or stricter oversight, which would have devastating effects on Somalia’s regions. Puntland, Jubbaland, and other federal states rely on this assistance to build roads, provide healthcare, and educate their populations. Without it, the already precarious situation in these areas could become even more dire.
A Crisis of Leadership and Trust
The failure of federalism in Somalia is, at its core, a crisis of leadership. President Mohamoud’s tactics have eroded the trust that is essential for a functioning federal system. By turning aid into a political weapon and sidelining regional leaders, he has undermined the very foundations of federalism. His leadership style has alienated key stakeholders and deepened the divisions that federalism was meant to heal.
Prime Minister Barre’s remarks that Somalia lacks the “unity and nationalism we wished for” reflect a harsh reality: the country is more divided than ever. Federalism, rather than bringing the nation together, is now exacerbating these divisions, as regional leaders feel increasingly marginalized and ignored.
Somalia’s federal experiment was built on the idea that regional autonomy, paired with national unity, could stabilize the country. But under Mohamoud’s leadership, that balance has been lost. Instead of fostering cooperation, the federal government has turned to coercion. Instead of building trust, it has sowed distrust. And instead of empowering regions, it has weakened them.
Learning from Somaliland
In his remarks, Prime Minister Barre made an unexpected but telling suggestion: Somalia should look to Somaliland for lessons on unity and governance. Somaliland, which declared independence from Somalia in 1991, remains unrecognized by the international community, yet it has maintained a relatively stable and functional governance system. Its ability to preserve unity and avoid internal division is in stark contrast to Somalia’s fractured federal system.
Barre’s suggestion is significant. Somaliland, despite its challenges, has managed to build a governance system that respects local autonomy while maintaining a strong sense of national identity. Somalia, on the other hand, is struggling to balance regional autonomy with centralized power. Perhaps there are lessons to be learned from Somaliland’s approach to governance—a model that emphasizes consensus-building and local ownership over top-down control.
A Federal System in Crisis
Somalia’s federal system is failing, and the reasons are clear: political manipulation, corruption, and a lack of leadership have turned federalism into a farce. President Mohamoud’s tactics of using aid as leverage and excluding regional leaders from decision-making processes have deepened the country’s divisions. The failure of the National Consultative Council is not just a diplomatic setback—it is a sign that federalism in Somalia is on life support.
If Somalia is to salvage its federal system, it will need a leader who can unite, not divide; who can engage in meaningful dialogue with regional leaders, not blackmail them; and who can prioritize the well-being of all Somalis, not just those who support him politically. Until that happens, Somalia’s federal experiment will continue to crumble, and its people will pay the price.
